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In psychology, expressive suppression is an aspect of emotion regulation. It is a concept “based on individuals’ emotion knowledge, which includes knowledge about the causes of emotion, about their bodily sensations and expressive behavior, and about the possible means of modifying them” (Niedenthal, 2006, 157).〔Niedenthal, P. M., Ric, F., & Krauth-Gruber, S. (2006). ''Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches'' (Chapter 5, ''Regulation of Emotions'', pp. 155-194). New York, NY: Psychology Press.〕 In other words, expressive suppression signifies the act of masking facial giveaways in order to hide a current emotional state. In fact, simply suppressing the facial expressions that accompany certain emotions can affect “the individual’s experience of emotion” (Niedenthal, 2006, 165).〔 According to a study done by Kopel & Arkowitz (1974),〔Kopel, S. A., & Arkowitz, H. S. (1974). Role playing as a source of self-observation and behavior change. Journal Of Personality & Social Psychology, 29(5), 677-686.〕 repressing the facial expressions associated with pain actually decreased the experience of pain in participants. However, Niedenthal (2006) states that “there is little evidence that the suppression of spontaneous emotional expression leads to decrease in emotional experience and physiological arousal apart from the manipulation of the pain expressions” (165).〔 According to Gross & Levenson’s (1993)〔Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. ''Journal Of Personality & Social Psychology'', 64(6), 970-986.〕 study in which subjects watched a disgusting film while suppressing or not suppressing their expressions, suppression produced increased blinking. However, suppression also produced a decreased heart rate in participants and self-reports did not reflect that suppression had an effect on disgust experience. While it is unclear from Gross & Levenson’s (1993)〔 study whether suppression successfully diminishes the experience of emotions, it can be concluded that expressive suppression does not completely inhibit all facial movements and expressions (e.g. blinking of the eyes). Niedenthal (2006)〔 argues that expressive suppression works to decrease the experience of positive emotions whereas it does not successfully decrease the experience of negative emotions. If the suppression of facial expressions does not diminish negative emotions that one experiences, why is it such a common practice? It may be that expressive suppression serves more of a social purpose than it serves a purpose for the individual. In a study done by Kleck et al. in 1976, participants were told to suppress facial expressions of pain during the reception of electric shocks. Specifically, “in one study the subjects were induced to exaggerate or minimize their facial expressions in order to fool a supposed audience” (Laird 27).〔Laird, J. D. (2007). ''Feelings: The perception of self''. New York: Oxford University Press.〕 This idea of covering up an internal experience in front of observers could be the true reason that expressive suppression is utilized in social situations. “In everyday life, suppression may serve to conform individuals’ outward appearance to emotional norms in a given situation, and to facilitate social interaction” (Niedenthal, 2006, 168).〔 In this way, hiding negative emotions may cause for more successful social relationships by preventing conflict, stifling the spread of negative emotions, and protecting an individual from negative judgments made by others (Niedenthal 2006).〔 ==Components of expressive suppression== Expressive suppression is a response-focused emotion regulation strategy (Niedenthal 2006).〔 This strategy involves an individual voluntarily suppressing their outward emotional expressions. Expressive suppression has a direct relationship to our emotional experiences and is significant in communication studies. Individuals who suppress their emotions are seeking to control their actions and are seeking to maintain a positive social image (Niedenthal 2006).〔 Expressive suppression involves reducing facial expression and controlling positive and negative feelings of emotion. This type of emotion regulation strategy can have negative emotional and psychological effects on individuals. Emotional suppression reduces expressive behavior significantly. As many researchers have concluded, though emotional suppression decreases outward expressive emotions, it does not decrease our negative feelings and emotional arousal (Niedenthal 2006).〔 Different forms of emotion regulation have an impact on our response trajectory of emotions. We target situations for regulation by the process of selecting the situations we are exposed to or by modifying the situation we are in. Emotion suppression relates to the behavioral component of emotion. Expressive suppression has physiological influences such as decreasing heart rate, increasing blood pressure, and increasing sympathetic activation (Dan-Glauser & Gross, 2011).〔Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences. ''Psychophysiology'', 48(9), 1309-1322. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01191.x〕 Expressive suppression requires self-control. We use self-control when handling our emotion-based expressions in public. It is believed that the use of expressive suppression has a negative connection with a human’s well-being (Kühn et al., 2011).〔Kühn S., Gallinat J., Brass M. (2011) ‘‘Keep calm and carry on’’: Structural correlates of expressive suppression of emotions. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16569. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016569〕 Expressive suppression has been found to occur late, after the peripheral physiological response or emotion process is triggered. Künh et al. (2011)〔 compare this strategy to vetoing actions. This type of emotion regulation strategy is considered a method which strongly resists various urges and voluntarily inhibits actions. Kühn et al. (2011)〔 also posited the notion that expression suppression may be internally controlled and that emotional responses are targeted by suppression efforts. One of the characteristics of expressive suppression, a response-based strategy, is that it occurs after an activated response. Larsen et al. (2013)〔Larsen, J. K., Vermulst, A. A., Geenen, R., van Middendorp, H., English, T., Gross, J. J., & Engels, R. E. (2013). Emotion regulation in adolescence: A prospective study of expressive suppression and depressive symptoms. ''Journal Of Early Adolescence'', 33(2), 184-200. doi:10.1177/0272431611432712>〕 claim expressive suppression to be one of the less effective emotion regulation strategies. These researchers label expressive suppression as an inhibition to the behavioral display of emotion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Expressive Suppression」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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